哈夫曼树

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// C++ program for Huffman Coding

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// This constant can be avoided by explicitly
// calculating height of Huffman Tree
#define MAX_TREE_HT 100

// A Huffman tree node
struct MinHeapNode {
	// One of the input characters
	char data;
	// Frequency of the character
	unsigned freq;
	// Left and right child of this node
	struct MinHeapNode *left, *right;
};

// A Min Heap: Collection of min-heap (or Huffman tree) nodes
struct MinHeap {
	// Current size of min heap
	unsigned size;
	// capacity of min heap
	unsigned capacity;
	// Array of minheap node pointers
	struct MinHeapNode** array;
};

// A utility function allocate a new
// min heap node with given character
// and frequency of the character
struct MinHeapNode* newNode(char data, unsigned freq){
	struct MinHeapNode* temp = (struct MinHeapNode*)malloc(
		sizeof(struct MinHeapNode));
	temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
	temp->data = data;
	temp->freq = freq;
	return temp;
}

// A utility function to create
// a min heap of given capacity
struct MinHeap* createMinHeap(unsigned capacity){
	struct MinHeap* minHeap
		= (struct MinHeap*)malloc(sizeof(struct MinHeap));
	// current size is 0
	minHeap->size = 0;
	minHeap->capacity = capacity;
	minHeap->array = (struct MinHeapNode**)malloc(
		minHeap->capacity * sizeof(struct MinHeapNode*));
	return minHeap;
}

// A utility function to swap two min heap nodes
void swapMinHeapNode(struct MinHeapNode** a,struct MinHeapNode** b){
	struct MinHeapNode* t = *a;
	*a = *b;
	*b = t;
}

// The standard minHeapify function.
void minHeapify(struct MinHeap* minHeap, int idx){

	int smallest = idx;
	int left = 2 * idx + 1;
	int right = 2 * idx + 2;

	if (left < minHeap->size
		&& minHeap->array[left]->freq
			< minHeap->array[smallest]->freq)
		smallest = left;
	if (right < minHeap->size
		&& minHeap->array[right]->freq
			< minHeap->array[smallest]->freq)
		smallest = right;
	if (smallest != idx) {
		swapMinHeapNode(&minHeap->array[smallest],
						&minHeap->array[idx]);
		minHeapify(minHeap, smallest);
	}
}

// A utility function to check if size of heap is 1 or not
int isSizeOne(struct MinHeap* minHeap){
	return (minHeap->size == 1);
}

// A standard function to extract minimum value node from heap
struct MinHeapNode* extractMin(struct MinHeap* minHeap){

	struct MinHeapNode* temp = minHeap->array[0];
	minHeap->array[0] = minHeap->array[minHeap->size - 1];
	--minHeap->size;
	minHeapify(minHeap, 0);
	return temp;
}

// A utility function to insert a new node to Min Heap
void insertMinHeap(struct MinHeap* minHeap,struct MinHeapNode* minHeapNode){
	++minHeap->size;
	int i = minHeap->size - 1;
	while (i&& minHeapNode->freq< minHeap->array[(i - 1) / 2]->freq) {
		minHeap->array[i] = minHeap->array[(i - 1) / 2];
		i = (i - 1) / 2;
	}
	minHeap->array[i] = minHeapNode;
}

// A standard function to build min heap
void buildMinHeap(struct MinHeap* minHeap){

	int n = minHeap->size - 1;
	int i;
	for (i = (n - 1) / 2; i >= 0; --i)
		minHeapify(minHeap, i);
}

// A utility function to print an array of size n
void printArr(int arr[], int n){
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		cout << arr[i];
	cout << "\n";
}

// Utility function to check if this node is leaf
int isLeaf(struct MinHeapNode* root){
	return !(root->left) && !(root->right);
}

// Creates a min heap of capacity
// equal to size and inserts all character of
// data[] in min heap. Initially size of
// min heap is equal to capacity
struct MinHeap* createAndBuildMinHeap(char data[],int freq[], int size){
	struct MinHeap* minHeap = createMinHeap(size);
	for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		minHeap->array[i] = newNode(data[i], freq[i]);
	minHeap->size = size;
	buildMinHeap(minHeap);
	return minHeap;
}

// The main function that builds Huffman tree
struct MinHeapNode* buildHuffmanTree(char data[],int freq[], int size){
	struct MinHeapNode *left, *right, *top;

	// Step 1: Create a min heap of capacity
	// equal to size. Initially, there are
	// modes equal to size.
	struct MinHeap* minHeap= createAndBuildMinHeap(data, freq, size);

	// Iterate while size of heap doesn't become 1
	while (!isSizeOne(minHeap)) {
		// Step 2: Extract the two minimum
		// freq items from min heap
		left = extractMin(minHeap);
		right = extractMin(minHeap);

		// Step 3: Create a new internal
		// node with frequency equal to the
		// sum of the two nodes frequencies.
		// Make the two extracted node as
		// left and right children of this new node.
		// Add this node to the min heap
		// '$' is a special value for internal nodes, not
		// used
		top = newNode('$', left->freq + right->freq);
		top->left = left;
		top->right = right;
		insertMinHeap(minHeap, top);
	}

	// Step 4: The remaining node is the
	// root node and the tree is complete.
	return extractMin(minHeap);
}

// Prints huffman codes from the root of Huffman Tree.
// It uses arr[] to store codes
void printCodes(struct MinHeapNode* root, int arr[],int top){

	// Assign 0 to left edge and recur
	if (root->left) {
		arr[top] = 0;
		printCodes(root->left, arr, top + 1);
	}
	// Assign 1 to right edge and recur
	if (root->right) {
		arr[top] = 1;
		printCodes(root->right, arr, top + 1);
	}
	// If this is a leaf node, then
	// it contains one of the input
	// characters, print the character
	// and its code from arr[]
	if (isLeaf(root)) {
		cout << root->data << ": ";
		printArr(arr, top);
	}
}

// The main function that builds a
// Huffman Tree and print codes by traversing
// the built Huffman Tree
void HuffmanCodes(char data[], int freq[], int size){
	// Construct Huffman Tree
	struct MinHeapNode* root
		= buildHuffmanTree(data, freq, size);
	// Print Huffman codes using
	// the Huffman tree built above
	int arr[MAX_TREE_HT], top = 0;
	printCodes(root, arr, top);
}

// Driver code
int main(){
	char arr[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' };
	int freq[] = { 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 45 };
	int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
	HuffmanCodes(arr, freq, size);
	return 0;
}